Advent | Description, Meaning, History, Wreath, Calendar and Traditions

Overview

Advent, from the Latin word adventus meaning "coming," marks the beginning of the Christian liturgical year. It is a season of preparation and expectation for the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas, as well as the anticipation of his second coming in the future.

Duration and Observance

The Advent season lasts for four Sundays leading up to Christmas Day. For most Western churches, it begins on the Sunday closest to November 30 (the feast day of St. Andrew) and continues until December 24.

It serves as a period of spiritual reflection, prayer, and anticipation. Some Christian traditions emphasize repentance and fasting, while others highlight joyful expectation.

Symbols and Practices

The Advent Wreath

One of the most recognized symbols of Advent is the wreath, made of evergreen branches representing eternal life. It typically holds four candles—three purple and one pink—symbolizing hope, peace, joy, and love. Each candle is lit on successive Sundays, with a fifth white candle sometimes placed in the center to be lit on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day, representing Christ.

The Advent Calendar

The Advent calendar is a devotional or festive tool used to count down the days until Christmas. Traditionally used by children, each dated window or door opens to reveal a picture, prayer, or small gift, helping families focus on the coming celebration.

Historical Background

The earliest records of Advent appear in the 4th and 5th centuries in Western Europe. Initially, the season likely involved fasting and penance similar to Lent. Over time, its character evolved into a season of hope and joyful expectation centered on the Nativity of Christ.

By the Middle Ages, Advent had acquired distinct themes for each week and became a fully established component of Christian worship. Although its tone varies between denominations, its purpose remains preparation for the coming of Christ—both in remembrance and anticipation.

“Rejoice always; pray continually; give thanks in all circumstances.”
— 1 Thessalonians 5:16–18

Advent in Modern Christianity

Different Christian denominations observe Advent with particular nuances. Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, and many Protestant churches include specific liturgical readings, prayers, and hymns for each week. In contemporary practice, Advent combines solemn spiritual focus with festive customs leading toward Christmas celebrations.

Author summary: Advent is the four-week Christian season of reflection and joyful expectation that prepares believers for both the birth and the promised return of Jesus Christ.

Britannica — 2025-11-26